Open Access
Subscription or Fee Access
Tranexamic Acid Mouth Rinser as a Drug of Choice among Haemostatic Agent after Tooth Extraction in Patients who are on Anti-Coagulant and Anti Platelet Medical Therapy
Abstract
Oral surgery procedure became difficult to manage in patients, who are on anti-platelet and anti-coagulant medication. Risk of thromboembolism should be balance by surgeon via reducing or stopping anti platelet and anticoagulant therapy in such patients, because there are more risk of excessive post extraction bleeding if anticoagulation or anti platelet medications are prescribed at therapeutic dose during surgical procedure. Fibrin formation mechanism become impaired in such patients, as a result, they are more susceptible to normal fibrinolysis and this is consider as the major aetiological factor of post extraction bleeding. So, here an attempt is made to understand Therapeutic use of tranexamic acid mouth rinse as a drug of choice among haemostatic agent after tooth extraction in patients who are on anticoagulant and anti-platelet medical therapy.
Keywords
References
Ramstrom G, Pedersen S, Hall G, Blomback M, Alander U. Prevention of post surgical bleeding in oral surgery using tranexamic acid without dose modification of oral anticoagulants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.1993; 51(11):1211-16.
Schulman S. Clinical practice:care of patients receiving long-term anticoagulant therapy. N Engl J Med 2003;349(7): 675-83,
Baillargeon J, Holmes HM, Lin Y-L, Raji MA, Sharma G et al. Concurrent use of warfarin and antibiotics and the risk of bleeding in older adults. Am J Med 2012; 125(2):183e- 189.
Broekema F, Minnen B, Jansma J, Bos RM. Risk of bleeding after dentoalveolar surgery in patients taking anticoagulants. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2014 Mar;52(3):e15-9.
Merritt JC, Bhatt DL. The efficacy and safety of perioperative antiplatelet therapy. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2004 Feb;17(1):21-7.
Owens CD, Belkin M. Thrombosis and coagulation: operative management of the anticoagulated patient. Surg Clin North Am 2005; 85(6):1179-89
Hirsh J, Dalen J, Anderson DR, Poller L, Bussey H, Ansell J, Deykin D.Oral anticoagulants: Mechanism of action, clinical effectiveness, and optimal therapeutic range. 2001 Jan;119(1 Suppl):8S-21S.
Little JW, Miller CS, Henry RG, McIntosh BA. Antithrombotic agents: implications in dentistry. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002 May;93(5):544-51.
Grip L, Blomback M, Schulman S. Hypercoagulable state and thromboembolism following warfarin withdrawal in post-myocardial-infarction patients. Eur Heart 1991 Nov;12(11):1225-33.
Genewein U, Haeberli A, Straub PW, Beer JH. Rebound after cessation of oral anticoagulant therapy: the biochemical evidence. Br J Haematol.1996 Feb;92(2):479-85.
Wahl MJ. Myths of dental surgery in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000 Jan;131(1):77-81.
Beirne OR. Evidence to continue oral anticoagulant therapy for ambulatory oral surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005 Apr;63(4):540-5.
Evans IL, Sayers MS, Gibbons AJ, Price G, Snooks H, Sugar AW. Can warfarin be continued during dental extraction? Results of a randomized controlled trial. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002 Jun;40(3):248-52.
Schulman S, Rhedin AS, Lindmarker P, Carlsson A, Larfars G, et al. A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1995 Jun 22;332(25):1661-5.
Anderson CS, Jamrozik KD, Broadhurst RJ, Stewart-Wynne EG. Predicting survival for 1 year among different subtypes of stroke. Results from the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke 1994 Oct;25(10):1935-44.
Dodson TB. Strategies for managing anticoagulated patients requiring dental extractions: an exercise in evidence-based clinical practice. J Mass Dent Soc Winter 2002;50(4):44-50.
Forbes D, Barr R, Reid G, Thomson C, prentice R, et al. Tranexamic acid in control of haemorrhage after dental extraction in haemophilia and Christmas disease. Br Med J 1972 May 6;2(5809):311-3.
Sindet-Pedersen S, Stenbjerg S. Effect of local antifibrinolytic treatment with tranexamic acid in hemophiliacs undergoing oral surgery. J Maxillofac Surg 1986 Sep;44(9):703-7.
Borea G, Montebugnoli L, Capuzzi P, et al. Tranexamic acid as a mouthwash in anticoagulant-treated patients undergoing oral surgery (An alternative method to discontinuing anticoagulant therapy). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1993 Jan;75(1):29-31.
Souto, Oliver A, Zuazu-Jausoro, Vives A, Fontcuberta J. Oral surgery in anticoagulated patients without reducing the dose of oral anticoagulant: A prospective randomized study. J Maxillofac Surg; 1996 Jan;54(1):27-32; discussion 323.
Bandrowsky T, Vorono A., Borris T, Hank W. Amoxycillin-related postextraction bleeding in an anticoagulated patient with tranexamic acid. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path 1996 Dec;82(6):610-2.
Gaspar R, Brenner B, Ardekian L, Peled M, Laufer D. Use of tranexamic acid mouthwash to prevent post-operative bleeding in oral surgery patients on oral anticoagulant medication. Quintessence Int 1997 Jun;28(6):375-9.
Herman W, Joseph L, Stephen H. Current perspectives on dental patients receiving coumarin anticoagulant therapy. J Am Dent Assoc 1997 Mar;128(3):327-35.
Purcell, C. Dental management of the anticoagulated patient. New Zealand Dent J. 1997 Sep;93(413):87-92.
Kearon C, Hirsh J. Management of anti coagulation before and after elective surgery. The New Eng J Med 1997 May 22;336(21):1506-11.
Wahl MJ. Dental surgery in anticoagulated patients. Arch Intern Med 1998 Aug 10-24;158(15):1610-6.
Davies R, Sindet-Pedersen, Devani et al. Dental extractions in patients on warfarin: is alteration of anticoagulant regime necessary?. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg: 1998 Apr;36(2):107-11.
Bernardoni SC, Vizcaino AM, Villamizar Y, Diez-Ewald M, Salazar G et al. Mouth-washing with tranexamic acid in patients treated with oral anticoagulants subjected to oral surgery procedures. Invest Clin 1998 Jun;39(2):77-83.
Blinder D, Manor Y, Martinowitz U, Taicher S, Hashomer T. Dental extractions in patients maintained on continued oral anticoagulant: comparison of local hemostatic modalities. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endo. 1999 Aug;88(2):137-40.
Fordyce, A, Bailey B. Letters to the Editor. Re: Devani et al. Dental extractions in patients on warfarin: is alteration of anti-coagulant regime necessary? Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998 Apr;36(2):107-11.
Ardekian L, Gasper R, Peled M, Brener B, Laufer D. Does low-dose aspirin therapy complicate oral surgical procedures? J Am Dent Assoc 2000 Mar;131(3):331-5.
Wahl MJ. Myths of dental surgery in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy. J Am Dent Assoc 2000 Jan;131(1):77-81..
Campbell J H, Alvarado F, Murray R A. Anticoagulation and minor oral surgery: should the anticoagulation regimen be altered? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000 Feb;58(2):131-5
Blinder D, Martinowitz U, Ardekian L, Peleg M, Taicher S: Oral surgical procedures during anticoagulant therapy. Int J Oral and Maxillofac Surg 2001; 30(6): 518-2.
Lockhart PB, Gibson J, Pond SH, Leitch J. Dental management considerations for the patient with an acquired coagulopathy. Part 1: coagulopathies from systemic disease. Br Dent J 2003 Oct 25;195(8):439-45.
Carter G, Goss A. Tranexamic acid mouthwash prospective randomized study of a 2-day regimen vs 5-day regimen to prevent postoperative bleeding in anticoagulated patients requiring dental extractions. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003 Oct;32(5):504-7.
Cannon PD, Dharmar VT. Minor oral surgical procedures in patients on oral anticoagulants a controlled study. Aust Dent J 2003 Jun;48(2):115-8.
Keiani MK, Loeb I, Legrand W, Daelemans P, Reck V : Prevention of postoperative bleeding in patients taking oral anticoagulants. Effects of tranexamic acid. J Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2003 Apr;104(2):77-9.
Sacco R, Sacco M, Carpenedo, Mannucci. Oral surgery in patients on oral anticoagulant therapy: a randomized comparison of different intensity targets. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Rad Endo 2007; 104(1), e18-e2.
Aframian J, Rajesh V, Peterson D. Management of dental patients taking common hemostasis-altering medications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007 Mar;103 Suppl:S45.e1-11.
Carlos Madrid, et al. What influence do anticoagulants have on oral implant therapy? A systematic review. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009 Sep;20 Suppl 4:96-106.
Madrid C, Dental extractions in patients taking anticoagulants: Is alteration of the anticoagulant regime necessary? June 2005Revue Médicale Suisse 1(21):1418, 1421-2, 1424.
Nematullah A, Alabousi A, Blanas N, Douketis JD, Sutherland SE. Dental surgery for patients on anticoagulant therapy with warfarin: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Can Dent Assoc. 2009 Feb;75(1):41.
Somma F, Nicola M, Plotino G, Pameijer H. Conservative approach to dental extractions in patients on anticoagulant therapy. A clin S Gen Dent Jan-Feb 2010;58(1):e30-5.
Alejandro R, Cristina B, Isabel L, Gerardo G, Jose M. Extractions without eliminating anticoagulant treatment: A literature review Manuel: Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 Sep 1;16(6):e800-4.
Campbell J H, Alvarado F, Murray R A. Anticoagulation and minor oral surgery: should the anticoagulation regimen be altered? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000 Feb;58(2):131-5
Bacci C, Michele M, Lorenzo F, Alessandro P, Roberto D et al. Management of patients undergoing anticoagulant treatment Results from a large, multicentre, prospective, case-control study; Thromb Haemost. 2010 Nov;104(5):972-5.
Ker K, Beecher D, Roberts I. Topical application of tranexamic acid for the reduction of bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 23;(7):CD010562.
Sammartino G, Marenzi G, Miro A, Ungaro F, Nappi A, Sammartino JC, et al. Local delivery of the hemostatic agent tranexamic acid in chronically anticoagulated patients. J Craniofac Surg. 2012 Nov;23(6):e648-52.
Wardrop D et al. Antifrinolytics (lysin analogues) for the prevention of bleeding in patients with haematological disorders (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 15;3(3):CD009733.
Gandhi R, Evans HMK, Mahomed SR, Mahomed NN. Tranexamic acid and the reduction of blood loss in total knee and hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. BMC Res Notes. 2013 May 7;6:184.
Michael J. Wahl. Dental Surgery and Antiplatelet Agents: Bleed or Die. Am J Med. 2014 Apr;127(4):260-7.
Ramon R J, Munoz M, Bravo LC, Bascones M; A Tranexamic acid gel in patients treated with oral anticoagulants. Med Clin (Barc). 2014 Dec 9;143(11):484-8.
Kammerer PW, Frerich B, Liese J, Schiegnitz E, Al-Nawas B. Oral surgery during therapy with anticoagulants-a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2015 Mar;19(2):171-80.
Wei Z, Liu M. The effectiveness and safety of tranexamic acid in total hip or knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of 2720 cases. Transfus Med. 2015 Jun;25(3):151-62.
Lu SY. Dental extraction without stopping single or dual antiplatelet therapy: results of a retrospective cohort study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Oct;45(10):1293-8.
Qeiroz SA, Helenilton M, Assis D, Gleysson, S. Conceicao et al. An Evaluation of the Efficacy of Local Hemostatic Measures in Dental Patients Taking Oral Anticoagulants: A Critical Review of the Literature Over the Past Two Decades. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2016;11(4):230-240.
Murphy GR, Glass GE, Jain A. The Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Cranio-Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery. J Craniofac Surg. 2016 Mar;27(2):374-9.
Ali Mithiborwala1, Navin Shah, Amit Mahajan, Isha Kaur Bagga, Dipen Doshi, Darshan Sanghvi; Control of Post Extraction Haemorrhage by Tranexamic Acid Pressure Pack in Patients on Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Therapy: A Prospective Clinical Study. J Craniofac Res 2016;1(1):6-10.
Juliana SA, Thiago D, Daniele R, Andrew L, Faria S et al. Topical application of tranexamic acid in anticoagulated patients undergoing minor oral surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2017 Jan;45(1):20-26.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37591/rrjod.v12i2.2667
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2021 Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry