Piezo in Implant Surgery: A Literature Review

Abstract

Dental Implants are Titanium cylinders that are widely used by dentists as prosthesis to replace damaged or lost tooth. The process where the implant locks and attaches itself with the bone is termed as osseointegration. Factors like bone quality and quantity, primary stability of implant, surface characteristics of implant are some of the factors that determine osseointegration of the implant.
Acceleration of osseointegration may depend on the removal of negative tissue conditions or optimization of the biomaterial rather than on an actual increase in the rate of bone response. Stability of marginal bone loss is an important parameter used to evaluate peri implant success. Early crestal bone loss of about 1.5 mm is frequently observed during the first year after implant loading, followed by a yearly bone loss of about 0.2 mm in the
following years. Etiological factors associated with early bone loss are surgical factors, biological factors and implant related factors.
The introduction of piezoelectric bone surgery has led to a reduction in the trauma that accompanies twist drills when performing osteotomies. The cutting action of piezoelectric micro vibrations takes advantage of ultrasonic shock waves that strike the bone with low force and high frequency. Therefore, the bone fragments are both micronized and simultaneously removed by the cavitation effect of the saline solution, minimizing damage to the cortical and trabecular bone, while, at the same time, favouring enhanced cleansing, cooling, and disinfection of the site.