Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology (RRJoT) is focused towards the publication of current research work carried out under Toxicology. It is concerned with the harmful effects of chemical, biological and physical agents in biological systems that establish the extent of damage in living organisms. It's a triannual journal, started in 2011. eISSN: 2231-3834 Journal DOI no.: 10.37591/RRJoT ISSN: 2349-1264 Indexed in: DRJI, Citefactor, Journal TOC, Google Scholar, CAS, Index Copernicus ICV: 62.72 SJIF 6.015 COMPLETE EDITORIAL BOARD Focus and Scope Cover Toxicity, Mechanisms and Health Effects Biological Toxicology Chemical Toxicology Plant/Agricultural Toxicology Veterinary Toxicology Xenobiotics and Foreign Toxins Environmental Biology Industrial Toxicology Ecotoxicology Entomotoxicology Forensic/Medical Toxicology Marine/Aquatic Toxicology Molecular Toxicology Toxicogenomics Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work. The journal publishes the most significant new research papers or any other original contribution in the form of reviews and reports on new concepts in all areas pertaining to its scope and research being done in the world, thus ensuring its scientific priority and significance. Peer Review Process Author Guidelines
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A Comprehensive Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent form of dementia, is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by cognitive decline, particularly in memory function. The condition manifests in two primary forms: familial Alzheimer’s disease, affecting individuals under the age of 65 years, and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, which constitutes the majority of cases and primarily afflicts adults aged 65 years and older. The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease is influenced by various factors, such as age, comorbidities, genetics, and educational background. The diagnostic process for Alzheimer's disease remains challenging, and a conclusive diagnosis typically requires a postmortem examination. Unfortunately, as of now, there is no definitive cure for Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, the scientific community is actively engaged in promising research and development endeavors aimed at advancing early detection methods and establishing effective treatment modalities. Ongoing studies explore diverse aspects of the disease, including its underlying mechanisms, risk factors, and potential interventions. Research initiatives are particularly focused on understanding the genetic components contributing to Alzheimer's susceptibility and exploring novel therapeutic avenues. Early detection methods, such as biomarker identification and neuroimaging techniques, offer hope for interventions that could potentially slow down the progression of the disease or alleviate its symptoms. The collaborative efforts of scientists, clinicians, and advocacy groups underscore the collective commitment to unraveling the complexities of Alzheimer's disease and advancing towards breakthroughs that may eventually lead to more effective treatments and, ultimately, a cure.
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ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES (KAP) REGARDING ANTIMICROBIAL USE (AMU) AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR) AMONG PHARMACY STUDENTS OF THANE DISTRICT
Background: The commencement and expand of antibiotics/ antimicrobial resistance is a wide range of growing problem world-wide. Antimicrobial resistance is a topic of global distressed these days. Irrational and extravagant use of antimicrobial by the general public is one of the key factors responsible for this. As the pharmacy students are the subsequent prescriber so their knowledge and attitude in relation to public usage of Antimicrobial will make them essential warrior against antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The present study was designed to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacy students regarding the antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR Methods: A cross-sectional analysis, questionnaire-based survey was accomplished among the students of pharmacy field in Thane District. A total 350 student was enrolled in the study. They were mandatory to filled up the google form comprised of questions regarding knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of AMU and AMR. Responses were assisted by using 3-point Likert scale. The results were executed in the percentage form. Result: Three hundred and fifty pharmacies students were indulged in this study. Maximum number of the students (91%) were known antimicrobial resistance is an important worldwide health issue. Majority of students (70%) had heard about antimicrobial resistance. (74%) participants admit that self-medication is one of the main causes of antimicrobial resistance. However, good attitude of students was seen that if the prescribed antibiotic is ceased it will contribute in prevention of antimicrobial resistance. Student’s practices towards antimicrobial usage were not satisfactory as (49%) student handover remaining medicine to their family members/ friend. A good practice was shown by some students (47%) always consult a doctor before consuming any antimicrobial. Good percentage of students (90%) had great practices to check the expiry date of medicine. In this study (24%) students always prefer to take antimicrobial when they have cold or cough. Conclusion: Overall part of our study revealed that illusion endure regarding the use of antibiotics. Across knowledge of the students participated in our study was virtuous and better but participants attitude towards use of antimicrobial was terrible. Besides, participant was cognizant of the possibility risks linked with the use of antibiotics. All the information we get through our study it seems necessary to improve the attitude and practices of students regarding Antimicrobial use. Hence, Pharmacist are the upcoming future health professional by taking significant note on educational arbitration and master plan to stop this poor outlook of students. A proper master plan would help in a straightforward mindset of this future health professional which ultimately gain rational use of antibiotics in future. These strategies would become a main shield to resist antimicrobial resistance.
Isolation of Micro-flora from Different Furniture Used In Hospital Set-Up
Hospital-acquired infections are a major cause of worry for all hospitals worldwide and add to the problems of an already sick patient and also the personnel working. Hospitals are known to be high infection zones owing to the presence of large number of patients having some or other infectious etiologies or proneness to infection due to their immune-compromised state. Several studies have been done to evaluate the impact of these nosocomial infections and measures to control it for better management of patients and hospital setup. The current review summarizes some studies that gives a data on the commonly found microbes identified from hospitals and their impact.
Evaluation of Hospital Pharmacy Set-up in Government and Private Hospitals
Purpose: To investigate about current position of hospital pharmacy set-up in different government and private hospitals in Pakistan and Foreign Countries of Gulf. Method: This survey was done to evaluate the pharmacy setup present in government and private hospitals of Islamabad, Rawalpindi (Pakistan) Dubai and Riyadh (Gulf cities). A proforma was filled during the survey of 34 hospitals selected from public and private hospitals in these four cities. Result: Practically 87.5% government and 69% private hospitals had pharmacy set-up in Pakistan whereas all government and private hospitals in Gulf countries had pharmacy set-up. Most of government and private hospitals followed any one type of dispensing system but nearly 37.5% of private hospitals don’t follow any system in Pakistan. Conclusion: The study suggests that the hospital pharmacists do have concern about their professional responsibilities. However, pharmacy set-up in Pakistan needs to achieve special consideration. The pharmacy set-up in foreign countries is well-developed and well-maintained but no system can be perfect in any case. There are always some pitfalls in approach to standard positions. Local as well as foreign hospitals need some proactive on pharmacists to enlarge their roots in their profession.
A Research Investigating the Efficacy of a Video-Enhanced Educational Program on Enhancing Knowledge and Implementing Proper Menstrual Hygiene Among Middle School Girls in a Chosen School in Fatehgarh Sahib
According to the relationship between pre-test and post-test mean knowledge score regarding menarche girls over all pre-test mean score was 8.6 and post-test score was 17.3. The value was significance at p<0.05 level. So it was concluded that the method of video assisted teaching program had a great influence in enhancing the knowledge of girls regarding menstrual hygiene. The study examined the connection between post-test knowledge scores and specific demographic factors using a chi-square test. The findings demonstrated a notable link between students' post-test scores and their educational background, as well as their prior knowledge. The Chi-square test outcome demonstrated that age and the source of information were not significantly linked to the post-test knowledge score.
Environmental implications of hospital laundry services
The environmental implications of hospital laundry services differ markedly from those in the hospitality sector. This distinction stems from the need to handle hospital linens soiled with various bodily fluids, necessitating disinfection before washing. Hospital linens encompass a diverse range of fabrics used throughout medical facilities, including mattresses, pillowcases, blankets, bed sheets, towels, curtains, screens, and aprons. Maintaining the cleanliness of hospital linens is crucial for patient comfort, reducing discomfort, and minimizing the risk of cross infections. In terms of environmental impact, the prevalent white color scheme in hospitals, both indoors and outdoors, is chosen for its association with cleanliness and tranquility. Hospital textiles often incorporate a significant green hue, deliberately chosen for its contrast with red, aiding medical staff in promptly identifying traces of blood. The laundering process primarily focuses on removing visible stains and contaminants from hospital garments. Efficiently managing hospital linens entails tasks such as optimizing supply levels, conducting inventory assessments, defining linen usage guidelines, and educating clinical staff on appropriate linen handling practices. An effective linen and laundry service not only enhances hospital marketing efforts but also plays a significant role in minimizing the spread of infections within the healthcare facility, contributing to environmental health.