Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

An Enhanced Fish Feed Supplemented with Probiotics and Spirulina Formulation for Commercial Production

Karthik C, Anand K, Athishparsuram SB, Aneesh Nair, Florida Tilton

Abstract


In recent years, the probiotics isolated from fish gut microbiota is used in aquaculture practices as there is a demand to improve the quality of life of fishes. The aim of the study is to isolate probiotic microbe from the gut of Etroplus suratensis and to evaluate the most suitable probiotic for feed formulation. Two bacterial isolates from the gastrointestinal tract (GI) of Etroplus suratensis was evaluated for probiotic properties. Two isolates exhibited high tolerance to bile and pH and also demonstrated high resistance to antibiotics. Based on the better probiotic features, one isolate was selected for feed formulation along with spirulina using sodium alginate encapsulation technique. The viability of this encapsulated isolate was tested in simulated gastric fluid. PCR and sequencing studies showed that the two bacterial isolates displayed 96.44% and 81.95% homology with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Aeromonas hydrophila respectively. The isolate Aeromonas hydrophila has tolerance to bile salt, low pH, antibiotic resistant and ability to survive in in-vitro simulated gastric fluid. Fish feed can be formulated with probiotic Aeromonas hydrophila and spirulina which helps to produce high quality fishes.


Keywords


Aquaculture, Etroplus suratensis, Probiotics, Spirulina, Aeromonas hydrophila, Encapsulation

Full Text:

PDF

References


Kumar A, Joshi PK and Birthal PS. Fisheries Sector in India: An overview of performance, policies and programmes. A Profile of People, Technologies and Policies in Fisheries Sector in India, 2003; 1-16p.

Bindu L and Padmakumar KG. Reproductive biology of Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) from the Vembanad wetland system, Kerala. Indian J Mar Sci. 2014

Shyam SS, Ignatius B, Suresh VK, Pushkaran KN, Salini KP and Abhilash PR. Economic analysis on the hatchery technology and grow out of pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis). Journal of Fisheries, Economics and Development. 2013; 14(1):1-20p.

FAO/WHO, Evaluation of health and nutritional properties of powder milk and live lactic acid bacteria. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization Expert Consultation Report. 2001

Al‐Dohail MA, Hashim R and Aliyu‐Paiko M. Effects of the probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus, on the growth performance, haematology parameters and immunoglobulin concentration in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) fingerling. Aquac Res. 2009; 40: 1642-1652p.

Das S, Ward LR and Burke C. Prospects of using marine actinobacteria as probiotics in aquaculture. Appl Microbiol Biot. 2008; 81: 419-429p.

Nayak SK. Probiotics and immunity: a fish perspective. Fish Shellfish Immun. 2010; 29: 2-14p.

Burgain J, Gaiani C, Linder M, Scher J. Encapsulation of probiotic living cells: From laboratory scale to industrial applications. J. Food Eng. 2011;104(4):467-483p.

Gbassi GK, Vandamme T. Probiotic encapsulation technology: from microencapsulation to release into the gut. Pharmaceutics. 2012;4(1):149-163p.

Krasaekoopt W, Bhandari B, Deeth H. Evaluation of encapsulation techniques of probiotics for yoghurt. Int. Dairy J. 2003;13(1):3-13p.

Mortazavian AM, Azizi A, Ehsani MR, Razavi SH, Mousavi SM, Sohrabvandi S, Reinheimer JA. Survival of encapsulated probiotic bacteria in Iranian yogurt drink (Doogh) after the product exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Milchwissenschaft. 2008;63(4):427p.

Teimouri M, Amirkolaie AK, Yeganeh S. The effects of Spirulina platensis meal as a feed supplement on growth performance and pigmentation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture. 2013;396:14-9p.

Olvera‐Novoa MA, Domínguez‐Cen LJ, Olivera‐Castillo L, Martínez‐Palacios CA. Effect of the use of the microalga Spirulina maxima as fish meal replacement in diets for tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), fry. Aquac res. 1998;29(10):709-715p.

Muthukumar P, Kandeepan C. Isolation, identification and characterization of probiotic organisms from intestine of fresh water fishes. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 2015;4:607-616p.

Shehata MG, El Sohaimy SA, El-Sahn MA, Youssef MM. Screening of isolated potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria for cholesterol lowering property and bile salt hydrolase activity. Ann. Agric. Sci. 2016;61(1):65-75p.

Hassanzadazar, H., Ehsani, A., Mardani, K. and Hesari, J., Investigation of antibacterial, acid and bile tolerance properties of lactobacilli isolated from Koozeh cheese. In Veterinary Research Forum, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. 2012; 3:181p.

Devina TG. Isolation and Identification of Probiotic Bacterial Strain from Dry Fish (Channa Punctatus). ARC J. Pharm. Sci. 2017; 1-4p.

Chandok H, Shah P, Akare UR, Hindala M, Bhadoriya SS, Ravi GV, Sharma V, Bandaru S, Rathore P, Nayarisseri A. Screening, isolation and identification of Probiotic producing lactobacillus acidophilus strains EMBS081 & EMBS082 by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Interdiscip Sci. 2015;7(3):242-248p.

Burgain J. Gaiani C. Linder M. and Scher J. Encapsulation of probiotic living cells: From laboratory scale to industrial applications. J. Food Eng. 2011; 104(4):467-483p.

Solanki HK and Shah DA. Formulation optimization and evaluation of probiotic Lactobacillus sporogenes-loaded sodium alginate with carboxymethyl cellulose mucoadhesive beads using design expert software. J Food Process Preserv. 2016;1-14p.

Meyer FP. Aquaculture disease and health management. J. Anim. Sci. 1991; 69(10):4201-4208p.

Alderman DJ and Hastings TS. Antibiotic use in aquaculture: development of antibiotic resistance–potential for consumer health risks. Int J Food Sci Techno. 1998; 33(2):139-155p.

Shao ZJ. Aquaculture pharmaceuticals and biologicals: current perspectives and future possibilities. Adv. Drug deliv. Rev. 2001; 50(3):229-243p.

Irianto A and Austin B. Probiotics in aquaculture. J. Fish Dis. 2002; 25(11):633-642p.

Bhosale, S.V., Bhilave, M.P. and Nadaf, S.B., Formulation of fish feed using ingredients from plant sources. Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci. 2010; 1(3):284-287p.

Chavarri M. Maranon I. Ares R. Ibanez FC. Marzo F and Del Carmen Villaran, M. Microencapsulation of a probiotic and prebiotic in alginate-chitosan capsules improves survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Int. J. Food microbiol. 2010;142(1-2):185-189p.

El-Sayed AFM. Evaluation of soybean meal, spirulina meal and chicken offal meal as protein sources for silver seabream (Rhabdosargus sarba) fingerlings. Aquaculture. 1994; 127(2-3):169-176p.

Gunasekara RA, Rekecki A, Baruah K, Bossier P, Van den Broeck W. Evaluation of probiotic effect of Aeromonas hydrophila on the development of the digestive tract of germ-free Artemia franciscana nauplii. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2010;393(1-2):78-82p.

Gillor O. Etzion A and Riley MA. The dual role of bacteriocins as anti-and probiotics. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2008;81:591-606p.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.